Why 1450?

Why 1750?

 Begins when: European countires, namley Spain and Portugal, begin to explore and colonize; formation of Ottoman Empire in the Middle East; emergence of Russia from Mongol (Tatar) control. Emergence of Gunpowder and decline of nomads 

Marks the new era, one of industrialization and Eastern Global Hegemony (Unit 4). Changes in units marked by: population boom in Europe; James Watt's steam engine - beginning the Industrial Revolution; global colonization by Western powers really takes off. 

Political

Social

Economic

Gender

COT

Ottoman

-Military administration and civil administration controlled by Vizier
-Sultan has highest position
-Local administrative units
-State control over clergy 

 -Millets
-High degree of tolerance
-Slavery exsisted
-Women sold as slaves

-Development of major commercial and industrail cities
-Traded with Eastern and Western Europe 

-Women in Imperial Harem had political power
-Sultanate of women 

 -New possibilities of conquest ran out leading to decline of Ottomans 

Ming and Qing China

-fall of Ming from internal/external - Manchu

-Foreigners allowed in China, Manchus higher than Chinese 

-Macao and Canton (GuangZhou) points of contacts with Europeans on Chinese soil

-Trade with Europeans in Qing

 -Emperors continued to have many wives and concubines 

Tokugawa

-Warring States Period

-Centralized rule

-Tokugawa Ieyasu 

-Hierarchy becomes unbreakable, samurai at top, lower class women more free - upper obey or die 

-Japan manufacturing, merchant class get wealthier a slightly more powerful

-Urbanization, population growth 

-lower class women who traditionally had less power gained more power 

Mughal

-Centralized under Mughal 

-Patriarchal

-thriving economy based on cotton trade 

-treatment of women better under Akbar who intially allowed widows to remarry and intermarry between Hindus and Muslims, portray talents openly 

Portugal

-Monarchy 

-Religious figures high in social hierarchy

-Explored other lands to increase trade

- Established colonies

Spain

-Monarchy 

-Religious figures had power

- Jews expelled

- Increase in immigration of women from Spain to colonies 

-Established colonies

-Wanted to trade with the east 

-Iberian patriarchal forms remained(women were subordinates)

-Women couldn't work in government and were confined to the household (especially upper class)

-Authority of husband was crucial

France

-monarchy 

-1st, 2nd, 3rd Estates 

-age of imperialism 

-Emergence of a "European-style family" (later marriage age, emphasis on nuclear familial units)-->Occured in other parts of Western Europe

-Limited family birth rates

England

-feudalism collapsed

-monarchy

-parliament 

-large middle class

-landowners still powerful Webmail

-began age of imperialism

-British East India Company

-proto-industrialization

-women had increased emotional role in family after Enlightenment

Muscovy and Russia

 -Russia - Centralization of Authority

-Peter the great - St. Petersburg as capital

-First Russian navy 

-Free from Mongols in 1480

-Empire Expanded eastward  

-Still Feudalism

-Peter the Great encourage serfdom

-Women and nobles forced to dress in western fashions

-Men shaved bears(denial of Mongol tradition)

-Key economy bound to agriculture

-devalued merchant class

-limited commercial exchange, systemized tax system

-economic funded military

-Transfer of male power to women(transferring of small whip from father of bride to groom)

- Peter the Great abolished that tradition during his Westernization reforms because upper class women had more freedom in the West

- Status of gender relations among peasants was one of the only areas of life that Peter the Great didn't attempt to reform

Kongo

-leaders cooperated with slave traders 

-Triangular trade (with Europe and America) 

-Demographic shifts more males in the slave trade than females (females traded more in the East coast); depopulated 

-state gradually lost power and declined as relationship w Europeans changed from beneficial to hurting the kingdom 

Benin

-had power at the peak of the slave trade as they could coooperate w Europeans in trade 

Oyo

Songhay

-Sunni Ali converted Songhay into a large empire and developed gov

-centralized state

-Islam 

-fishing, farming etc what economy was based on

-became a prosperous trading state as well

-introduction of Islam led to traditional Muslim restrictions on women 

-introduction of Islam

-became a large, organized,

centralized state under Sunni Ali and later rulers 

Aztec

-gov organized by clans or calpulli

-tributary states (conquered areas) provided much of what was needed 

-militaristic empire

-merchants (pochteca) had relatively high status

- organized into calpullis

-Haciendas (rural family-owned plantation estates)Encomiendas (land grants and large estates of American Indian workers)

- Encomiendas disappeared by the 1620s and were replaced by grants of land and also, mitas(Forced labor)

-women had to spend up to 7 hrs a day grinding food; took away much of their time 

Inca

-militaristic empire 

-tribute systems

-main leader was the inca, who represented the sun

-kin based social structure

-organized into ayllus 

-relatively self-sufficient 

-inheritance to both male and female sides of the family 

Caribbean plantations

During the 1500s Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Carribean became major centers of sugar production and the desire for slave labor became more intense.  

West African slave acquisition

Because of the huge number of small tribes, more powerful tribes would take weaker tribe members and sell them to the Europeans. They used the same violent methods as they did to acquire their own slaves prior to the Europeans' arrival.  

Atlantic System, Triangular Trade

During this time, a triangular trade existed in which slaves were carried to the Americas; sugar, tobacco, and other goods were then carried to Europe; and European products were sent to the coast of Africa to begin the traingle again. 

Middle East and Swahili Africa

The cities of eatern Africa traded with the interior of the continent for slaves. Most of these slaves were transported to the Middle East where they became household servants or members of harems   

Russian Serfdom

By 1800 half of Russia's peasantry was enserfed to the landlords, and much of the other half owed comparable obligations to the state.  Serfdom and a deep-rooted peasant culture did not mesh with Westernization efforts.  At this time, Russian serfs could be bought and sold, gambled away, and punished by their masters.  Serfdom gave the government a way to satisfy the nobility and regulate peasants when the government itself lacked the bureaucratic means to extend direct controls over the common people.

Columbian Exchange

The biological exchanges between the Western and Eastern hemispheres. Animals and diseases were spread from the new world to the Americas causing the Native population to decline significantly. Many Afrians taken on the "middle passage" died before reaching America. 

Americas Demographic collapse

Since the Native population of the Americas had not developed immunity to European diseases, such as small pox and syphillis, a great majority of the people died. 

Population changes Europe

As new crops (potatoes, maize) were introduced from the New World colonies to Europes, the European population spiked.

Population changes East Asia

The population of East Asia also increased, though not as much as in Europe, because of the introduction of the potato and other crops from the Americas. 

Population changes Africa

With the introduction of slavery, the African areas closer to coast decreased in population as the healthy men were all sold or captured as slaves 

Population changes South Asia

Scientific Revolution

It was a time roughly in which scientific ideas in physics, astronomy, and biology evolved rapidly. 

Enlightenment

The aftermath of the scientific revolution was a new movement, the Enlightenment, centered in France. Thinkers continued scientific research and applied scientific methods to the study of human society. They believed that rational laws could describe both physical and social behavior. New schools of thought emerged in criminology and political science. Adam Smith maintained that governments should stand back and let individual effort and market forces operate for economic advance. More generally, the Enlightenment produced a basic set of principles concerning human affairs: humans are naturally good, reason was the key to truth, intolerant or blind religion was wrong. If people were free, progress was likely. A few Enlightenment thinkers argued for more specific goals, for economic equality and the abolition of private property and for women's rights. There were other important currents of thought. Methodism demonstrated the continuing power of spiritual faith. New ideas in all fields spread through reading clubs and coffeehouses. Attitudes toward children changed to favor less harsh discipline, a sign of a general new affection between family members.

Social Contract

The Social Contract was spoken of by John Locke in which people relinquished some of their rights to the goverment in order to establish order. Goverments had the responsibility of safeguarding the "unalienable" rights of "life, liberty, and property" If the goverment didnt preserve those rights the people had the right to overthrow it and establish a new goverment.

Confucianism

Chinese philosophical system, which was developed from the teachings of Confucius.  Relationships are a central concept in Confucianism.  One of the main goals of Confucianism is social harmony.  This can be achieved in part from every individual knowing his or her place in the social order, and playing his or her part well.  The five basic human relationships in Confucianism are: (1) ruler to ruled; (2) father to son; (3) husband to wife; (4) elder brother to younger brother; and (5) friend to friend.

Mughal Art and Architecture

Mughal art and archictecture often blended Muslim styles with those of other societies. Mughal artists are known for their miniatures some of which included Christian religious subjects. Mughal architecture blended the white marble typical of Indian architecture with the arches and domes of the Islamic world. Perhaps the most well known architectural structure of the Mughal era was the Taj Mahal constructed by Shah Jahan as a tomb for his wife, Mumtaz Mahal. 

0. What are the debates about the timing and extent of European predominance in the world economy?

Changes

Continuities

Reasons

Process

-More economic importance placed on trade, commerce, and money rather than land.

-Proto industrial modes began to appear 

- Capitalism beginning to emerge as well 

-Shift of power to Europe

- New world brought new goods to market

 - Trade promoted via waterways  

New emerging European philosophy and a new emerging European dominance in colonizing much of the world.  

the changes occur as the Euros, with increased industrial power, begin to colonize the world. In doing so, they are able to connect various types of peoples, places, and cultures into an extensive network of trade with magnitudes never seen before. ex. the Americas and Africa; Europe directly with Malacca 

2 differences, 1 similarity, plus reasons why

Bourbon France (Louis XIV) v. Ming China

In Bourbon France, Louis the XIV, ruled through absolute monarchy and Ming China ruled through a somewhat similar form of government having everything to be controlled by the emperor. In both governments there was a great focus on art and wanting to spread and discover trade amongst different areas. In china they did this because the Ming Dynasty wanted to expand its views, while in France this was done because the people were conoisseurs of the art. What was difference amongst the 2 societies was that in Bourbon France the monarch expanded with Europe and trade routes were viewed with in Europe while in Ming China they explored outside to other regions, Zheng He, was a great explorer that ventured out for China.

Bourbon France (Louis XIV) v. Mughal India

Both Mughal India and Bourbon France had a ruler that controlled the vast region of land that they were made of. What made the 2 different was that in India the society was more military based, wanting to attack societies for land while that of France was more art related and expanding on trade. Mughal India was more war based because the founder of the society, Babur, was a military leader that liked to sieze land. India siezed land because they knew they had the power to do so and they wanted to attack other countries while Bourbon France wanted to expand to increase trade. 

Bourbon France (Louis XIV) v. Ottoman Sultan

In Bourbon France and in the Ottoman Empire both societies were ruled by absolute monarchs. Although they both had the same government, the ruler of Bourbon Frace, the King, seemed to have had more power than the ruler of the Ottoman Empire, the Sultan, with him having to have a vizier, the overall hear of imperial administration, he usually had more power than the Sultan. The Ottoman Sultan was not so intrested in the art like the Bourbon French, they were more influenced on their economy and political system.

Bourbon France (Louis XIV) v. Tokugawa Japan

Both in France and in Japan was the government a form of Monarchy that had single control over the entire society. The Tokugawa government was that of a self empowering government wanting to show that they have the power by isolating themselves from everyone and by wanting to attack other societies. With this, France also compared to Japan showed that they were more interested in trade with other societies than that of Japan who wanted to take more direct power. 

Bourbon France (Louis XIV) v. Tsarist Russia

2 differences, 1 similarity, plus reasons why

Russia v. Ottoman

Webmail

Russia v. Ming/Qing China

hospedagem de sites

Russia v. Tokugawa Japan

Weblocal

Russia v. Mughal India

Ming/Qing China v. Tokugawa Japan