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Unit two

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600 C.E.–1450

Basic Themes- 1. Spread of world religions (christianity, Buddhism, Islam (born with the period)).

                         2. Emergence of a world network (excluding Americas) that predominates in  the Afro-Eurasian world. (West to East route emerges from M. East   through the Indian ocean to reach the Pacific coast of China).

       Marked by: a) Fall of Han China, Gupta India, and the Roman Empire. 

                          b) Emergence of Arabs and Islam as a new force in world history.

 

Major Developments

  1. Questions of periodization
  1. Nature and causes of changes in the world history framework leading up to 600 C.E. – 1450 as a period
  2. Emergence of new empires and political systems

China

A. Invasions by outside forces, including Mongol nomads, forced Chinese empires such as Tang and Song to allocate more resources to defense.

B. Revolutions in waning empires would end up with the military taking command and setting up a new empire. Political system remained as an empire with strong belief in Divine Authority.

C. However, the Yuan dynasty was created by Mongol leader Kublai Khan, who implemented many Chinese tradtitions into his empire such as the bureaucracy.

 

Japan

A. Japan was influenced by religious ideologies, political reforms, and goods from China. Buddhist missionaries were sent into Japan, however the predominant religion that was practiced at this time was Shintoism. Bureaucratic and legal reforms from China occured in Japan.

B. A hierarchy was present in Japan. Birth into classes was how people were judged and the nobles held high positions and they had a notable status. Japan was always ruled by emperors who descended from the same family. The family was known as the Yamato Clan and there were some very strong and powerful families during this time period in Japan like the Fujiwara. Soon, feudalism also emerged in Japan around the time that feudalism emerged in western Europe.

 

Southeast Asia

A. The Chinese armies were already in Vietnam to expand their empires. Because of the Tang armies in Vietnam, cultural trade occured between China and Vietnam. They did resist the influence of the Tang armies. Also, Islam became widely spread from maritime trade with the Islamic Delhi Sultanate. Islam is still practiced in India.

B. China had major influences on areas such as Vietnam in Southeast Asia because Confuianism was later accepted by the Vietnamese nobility and so was the idea of extended families. However, Vietnam maintained their independence after the Tang dynasty collapsed.

 

Oceania

Polynesian migrations. In the south pacific, local island tribes spread to other islands such as Australia, Fiji, Samoa, New Zealand, and Hawaii. These people migrated via outrigger canoe (basically two canoes connected to each other with a shelter in between). The forces behind these migrations are debated; some say that they migrated because of local strife/conflict/discrimination/lack of resources etc. while some argue that they simply were blown off course. Whatever the reason, these travelers caused the spread of food crops such as yams, breadfruit and bananas and introduction of dogs, chickens, and pigs. They also took a unique Polynesian culture that is present in all of the islands.

South Asia

A. Islamic invasions took place and the their leader, the sultan, took over. Islam began to spread due to the invasions and cultures collided.

B. The Delhi Sultanate was created and this was a kingdom ruled by the Islamic invaders' leader, or the sultan. Becuase of this kingdom, Islam spread throughout India and the Islam and Hinduism clashed.  However, there were some prosperous events that took place. For example, schools and colleges were established and there was some cooperation between Muslims and Hindus at some points.

 

Central Asia

 Various new tribes took control of the region. Mongols came and started to dominate a majority of their surrounding neighbors. Islam penetrated in 8th century and overtook Buddhism as the main religion. Arab armies started taking control of the region and at the Battle of Talas, the aabs defeated the Tand Dynasty to secure their influence on the region.

Middle East

Originally formed up by small regional tribes, which held reverence towards ancestry, often fighting in feuds between each other, and some cities. Muhammad, in the 7th Century, united many of these tribes and cities together under a common religion, Islam, and from there, the Middle East rapidly became united and conquered most of Arabia and pushed towards the Byzantine Empire and into Egypt and South Spain. A lot of conflict over the Caliphate and who would assume power; divided into Sunni and Shiite Islam.

 

 

Eastern Europe

After the collapse of the Roman Empire, Eastern Europe was dominated by the Byzantine Empire. It followed a similar political structure its predecesor and the state religion was Easern Orthodox Christianity. Unlike the Romans however, the Byzantines adopted Greek as its local language and was more open to local customs. The Byzantine political system was very complex and involved extensive use of spies within courts. 

 

Because Byzantium, the empire's capital was in such a good place to trade, it was constantly being attacked by Muslims from the east. Emperor Justinian looked to counteract this by recreating the Roman Empire by conquering territory like Italy. This promoted the Eastern Orthodox Religion. 

 

Byzantines invented new artisitc styles by borrowing from the Muslims and fusing them with existing styles. These elements were seen in buildings like the Hagia Sophia. 

 

Western Europe

This era was a step backward for Western Europe. The collapse of the Roman Empire led to a loss in technology, innovation and literacy. The only force that controlled feudal W. Europe was Catholic Church. 

 

The political structure was fuedal, but later on, certain lords became powerful enough to conquer other kingdoms and set up mini-empires. Socially, people became tied to the land and were subservient to the church. There was a hierarchy with the King at the top and peasants at the bottom. There wasn't much trade. The crusades near the end of this period opened up the West to diverse, international cultures. 

 

North Africa

There were 3 major regions/civilizations in North Africa during this time period and they were: Kush, Axum and the Swahili Coast. Many interactions took place in North Africa during this time. Such interactions include the introduction of Islam (due to the Muslim invaders). 

 

Trade occured through the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, and some trade also took place through the Indian Ocean into Southeast Asia. The Kush was established around 750 B.C.E. and it became a center for iron. The next empire was Axum and it traded ivory and gold very frequently with other civilizations. Wealth that occured from the trade helped generate these civilizations and political, along with economical, relationships were easily established among other African civilizations.

 

Sub-Saharan Africa

Causes of change were caused by the need of certain resources in Sub-Saharan Africa. Gold was the key resource that everyone wanted; therefore it promoted trade. And due to the drastic increase in trade, Islam also began to spread.

Soon, many rulers began expanding their own empires. For example, Mansa Musa who was a Mali ruler, established his capital at Timbuktu and he also further expanded his empire. Sonnai Ali, a Songhai ruler, also expanded his empire into the west and he founded a university for scholars. Oral literature (a.k.a. griots) also increased, causing history and culture to be passed down from gerneation to genartion in the form of stories.

 

MesoAmerica

During this time, there was a lot of interregional competition between the polities in the region. The Aztecs came to power during the 900's and started to build their empire by taking over their adversaries. 

 

Andean America

Expansion of the Incas from the Andes to the whole west South American coast. 

 

 

  1. Continuities and breaks within the period (e.g., the impact of the Mongols on international contacts and on specific societies)

 

  1. The Islamic world

 .The rise and role of Dar al-Islam as a unifying cultural and economic force in Eurasia and Africa

  1. Islamic political structures, notably the caliphate
  2. Arts, sciences, and technologies

Politics – Ummayad and Abbasid Caliphates

Gold and silver became the monetary and expnasion occured. The empire was expanded into parts of Spain and northern Africa. Due to the split with in the Islam rleigion: Shiite and Sunnis, the Ummayad Caliphate began to decline. 

The Abbasid Caliphate lasted from 750 to 1258 and trade played a major role in all affairs. There were some fights for control over the Silk Road. Military and cultural expansion did continued and  during the Middle Ages, interactions between Greece, Rome and the Abbasid Empires are present.

For both empires, trade, intercation, and expansion, along with religion, played key roles in their political structures and politics in general. 

Arts

 

 

Since Muslims were forbidden to worship idols, paintings of people and animals are prohibited. Instead, the art was concentrated in geometric patterns and calligraphy. Muslims created the dome, which was later adopted by the Byzantines. This was used to decorate Mosques along with holy scriptures and shapes. One example of this is the Persian rugs

 

Science and Technology

Muslims contributed greatly to Science and Mathematics. They impoved on the algebra system, introduced sine, cosine and tangent. and based their number system off of the number 60, which w still use today. The Muslims also preserved learnings of the Greeks and Romans which they passed onto the Europeans via the Crusades. Technology wise, they invented many new instruments for navigation and cartiography. They adopted the Indian number system which found its way to Northern Africa and subsequently Europe

 

 

  1. Interregional networks and contacts

 .Development and shifts in interregional trade, technology, and cultural exchange

  1. Trans-Sahara trade
  2. Indian Ocean trade
  3. Silk routes
  4. Missionary outreach of major religions
  5. Contacts between major religions, e.g., Islam and Buddhism, Christianity and Islam
  6. Impact of the Mongol empires

Trans-Sahara trade

Mali traded with Arab traders which helped spread Islam throughout Africa. Ghana was the "land of gold", and so gold, salt, honey, slaves, and ivory was traded out of Africa and copper, horses, textiles, figs, and iron was imported into Africa (Mali) from Europe and the Islamic world.

Indian Ocean trade

The Indian Ocean Trade was dominated by the Arabs and the Persians during this time. Trade occured in the western ports of western Undia upto ports in the Persian Gulf and ports in eastern Africa. Cultural exchange occured when intermarriage occured bewteen sailors and local women of the differnet ports. This connecting force also lead to the spread of Islam to South East Asia

 

Silk routes

Silk road connected China to the Mediterranean cultures. It was increasingly used when the mongols ruled. As technology imprved in China, trade increased. Papwer, gunpowder, porcelain, along with culture were traded along the silk routes. Marco Polo ,at the time of the Yuan Dynasty, used the Silk routes to travel east to Asia, then later write a book about it. 

 

Missionary outreach of major religions

As many different religions came into contact, cultural diffusion occured. Sailing methods, along with ships, improved, giving missionaries easier access to other areas and thus making it easier for them to spread their religion. Times of hardship for some groups also caused persuasuion to become easy and more people converted.

 

Contacts between major religions

The most major religious conflict is the Crusades during the 11th-13th centuries (continuing on to the 16th century, but in smaller excursions). These were fought between European Christians and Middle Eastern Muslims over religious spots such as Jerusalem. However, this interaction was benificial to trade between the two regions, resulting in cultural interaction and the spread of ideas and technology between the areas though the exchange had a greater impact on how Europe rediscovered the works of the Greeks and Romans as well as adapting new technologies such as gunpowder.

 

Mongol impact

The Mongols facilitated trade and cultural interaction because as such a large empire, peaceful trade routes connected most of the Asian landmass allowing easy long distance trade. Also, since they were religiously tolerant, there were different cultures inside the empire which spread different ideas. However, countries not included in the Mongol empire were not able to benefit from this trading and cultural interaction. 

 

 

  1. China's internal and external expansion

 .The importance of the Tang and Song economic revolutions and the initiatives of the early Ming dynasty

  1. Chinese influence on surrounding areas and its limits

Japan

The Chinese were the ones who introduced Buddhism to the Japanese through the use of Buddhist missionaries. Through Buddhism, Chinese culture and goods were also spread through out Japan. Some of China's bureacratic and legal reforms were also copied by the Japanese because of the success these reforms had during the Tang Dynasty in China. However, confucianism was not widely accepted in Japan, along wiht the civil service exams because these affected the heirarchy system in Japan. The exams and Confucianism stressed education and in Japan, birth into classes was looked upon as more significant and important in comparison to education.

 

Korea

Due to the military forces in China during the Tang dynasty, cultural exchange increased in Korea. Korea became a vassal state to China and schools and imperial courts in Kora began to resemble those in China. However, a true bureaucracy based on education was not established due to the nobility in Korea. The Chinese, however, also spread Confucianism and Chan Buddhism through out Korea. 

 

Vietnam

The Vienamese frequently resisted the Tang armies and they did not want to create a relationship with the Chinese. However, a rleationship was eventually created and a Confucian education existed in Vietnam. The Vietnamese continued to revolt against the Tang armies, but they did establish a trade relationship with China.

 

Southeast Asia

Big number of converts to Buddhism.   

 

Central Asia

Buddhist surge that adapted to local conditions. 

 

 

  1. Developments in Europe

 .Restructuring of European economic, social, and political institutions

  1. The division of Christendom into eastern and western Christian cultures

 

 

Western Europe

Eastern Europe

Political

Many Small Feudal Kingdoms, each with their own lord.

 

Empire with a complex buerocracy that involved various alliances and connections. Extensive use of Spies.

 

Economic

Not much contact with outside world. Kingdoms almost self-sufficient. Some trade going on within communities. 

 

A lot of trade, escpecially with Islamic and mediterranean societies. Byzantine in Ideal location for trade

 

Religious

All aspect of life was dominated by the Roman Catholic CHurch. Other branches began appearing, causing a variation in Christianity. Crusades started by the church

 

Main religion was Easter Orthodox Christianity. Central figure was the Patriarch.  Spread religion to Bulgurs and Kievan Rus

 

Cultural and social

 

Vernacular languages, mystery plays, few literary works- about saints, polyphonic music and stone buildings

Church services in their own languages, local customs merged with church customs

Intellectual

Philosophical essays, literary works.. Knowledge passed on from Muslims 

 

developed a complex political system and extensive use of spies. 

 

Interactions

Crusades was the major form of interaction with the outside world. It opened up trade routes that enabled trade. The Hanseatic League was also formed

 

Constant trae interactions with the East. Used the silk road and smuggled silk worms back to Constantinople 

 

 

  1. Social, cultural, economic, and political patterns in the Amerindian world
  1. Maya
  2. Aztec
  3. Inca

Maya

Mayans had many city-states and these city-states were ruled by one king. The peasantswere bound to the nobles through religion and loyalty. They built agricultural terraces and irrigation systems. The economy was based on agriculture. The Mayans heavily believed in and relied on their gods for many things such as their harvests or their agricultural needs. The Mayans made sacrifices to their gods and they also had bloodletting rituals to please their gods. There was a social pyramid in the Mayan society, where nobility were on top along with priests. Merchants did, however, have a commendable status in society.

Aztec

The Aztecs had an outstanding army and this was how they were able to conquer nearby lands. In the Aztec civilization, the warriors in the social structure were the elite and most of the population cinsisted of either slave sor peasants. There was no bureaucratic governemnt, the conquered states governed themselves if they payed tribute asked for from them. The military and the religion were connected because those they conquered through the use of their strong military we used as sacrifices for their gods. The Aztecs built temples to cherish their gods. The economy was also based mainly around agriculture.

 

Inca

The Incas also used a professional army and they had a bureaucarcy. The Incas built many roads and tunnels and they had a common language. Much of the Incan population consisted of peasants and they were supposed to give part of their harvest to the ruling classes. The Incan people were polytheistic, however, their main god was the sun god. They practiced human sacrifice and the rulers were mummified after they died. The Inca were very good architects and they built many temples.

 

 

  1. Demographic and environmental changes

 .Impact of nomadic migrations on Afro-Eurasia and the Americas (e.g., Aztecs, Mongols, Turks, Vikings, and Arabs)

  1. Migration of agricultural peoples (e.g., Bantu migrations, European peoples to east/central Europe)
  2. Consequences of plague pandemics in the fourteenth century
  3. Growth and role of cities

Aztec migrations

The Aztecs continuosly conquered other states because of their powerful military forces. The taxed their captives and those who they conquered. As the Aztecs conquered more and more people, their empire increased in size and their cities grew in importance. Due to the increase in labor because of the conquering done by the Aztecs, construction of roads was made easier, thus increasing trade and also increasing the relliance on cities within the empire. The roads also connected the empire. 

 

Mongol migrations

As the Mongols expanded their empire, they brought more and more cultures under one banner. This, along with the fact that people could practice whatever religion they wanted, led to interactions across Eurasia. More people migrated as roads became safer to travel.

 

Turkish migrations

Seljuk Turks challenged the Persians who eventually united with the Turks. Invasion of Anatolia led to establishment of Turkey. 

 

Viking migrations

Vikings used light but large boats to transport troops upriver, but they also sailed around the seas; mainly attacked small coastline towns and cities in Europe, forcing Europeans to improve military along coastal cities and build more inland. 

 

Bantu migrations

1000 BCE began to move from homeland of west central Africa, by 1000 CE had settled in almost all parts of continent South of Africa, they played the greatest role in shaping cultural, ethnic and linguistic character of Africa 

 

Arab migrations

Trade oriented but also to spread the Islamic faith.

 

Plague/Black death

The Black Death devasted European populations. ALmost 25% of people died in Western Europe and entire cities were wiped out. The Bubonic Plague resulted in an equal social class as people had to fill in the jobs of those who were dead. It also kept birthrate in check for a short while. 

 

Urbanization

Urbanization was a result of growing population and increase in birthrate. People migrated from rural areas to cities looking for work. THis led to a furthur increase in birth rates. Also, vast population growth resulted in poorly planned cities

 

 

  1. Diverse interpretations

 .What are the issues involved in using cultural areas rather than states as units of analysis?

  1. What are the sources of change: nomadic migrations versus urban growth?
  2. Was there a world economic network in this period?
  3. Were there common patterns in the new opportunities available to and constraints placed on elite women in this period?

 

 

Major Comparisons and Snapshots

  • Japanese and European feudalism

 

 

Direct Comparisons – 1 or 2 similarities – 2 or 3 differences

Japanese and European feudalism

Similarities: They had the same type of social structure. Military Based, both warriors had honor codes, Chivalry and Bushido

 

Differences: Japanese was more based off honor while European was more on contracts. Also the Japanese system was based of Chinese Confucian Morality, while the European Feudalism was based off from the Roman Legal Structure

 

 

   

 

  • Developments in political and social institutions in both eastern and western Europe

 

 

Direct Comparisons – 1 or 2 similarities – 2 or 3 differences

Political institutions E and W Europe

D1: Politically, Western Europe was a feudal-based relationship, with manorialism providing rural protection, while Eastern Europe (Byzantine) was an authoritarian empire with military protection.

D2: Western Europe was fragmented and separate, with declining trade, while Eastern Europe was united and stable with prosperous trade with Africa and Muslims.

S: Both faced pressures from outside forces.

 

Social institutions E and W Europe

S: Christianity and the Church unite people under a same banner

D: Lots of cultural and commercial conections with other civilizations in the Byzantine Empire, while Western Europe went into a dark age.

D: Self sufficient manor with peasants who provide food in a protection relationship in W.E., Byzantine Empire had field enclosures and peasant rebellions. 

 

  • Compare the role and function of cities in major societies

 

 

Direct Comparisons – 1 or 2 similarities – 2 or 3 differences

Song China v. Delhi Sultanate

S: Both had progress done to cities, with the Delhi Sultanate building colleges, improved irrigation systems and mosques, the Song had a surge in urban growth. There were many large cities as towns grew quickly and the number of people living in large cities in China have been as high as ten percent. The Song dynasty cities were urbancenters and the biggest was Hang Zhou in size, beauty and sophistication. Either way, both societies cities contributed to greater trade growth.

 

D1: For the function of cities, the ones in the Song Dynasty was considerably more secular than the ones of the Delhi Sultanate. One reason might be becuase the first invasion of Islam to India. Islam and Hinduism are practically opposites and so, there was great effort put into the conversion of Hindus to Islam. For the Song Dynasty, Confucianism evolved into Neo-Confucianism.

 

 

Song China v. Abbasid Caliphate

S: Both had women's status deteriorate in the later eras by confining them to homes, harems and rulers had the increased number of concubines. Both were patriarchal societies. Both empires diminished in size during their years of decline. 

 

D1: Women were able to control political power in Song China than the Abbasids. 

 

D2: The Abbasid Caliphate spent too much money on exorbitant goods (i.e. luxury) and harems. In fact, their spending led them to lose their power and control. Yet, this made them an easy target for their enemies like the Mongols. 

 

 

Song China v. Medieval Western Europe

S: Women and children were confined to the home. Both were patriarchal societies since they were agriculture-based societies. Both had kings/emperors as rulers at the top of the social hierarchy and peasants at the bottom of the social ranking. Plus, both used landlords to control the peasants. 

 

D1: Feudal communities in Western Europe were only united by the Catholic Church. Also, lords controlled their peasants in manors. 

 

D2: China emphasized the scholar-gentry since they valued intelligence. In addition, the scholar-gentry held power. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Song China v. Ghana/Mali/Songhay

 

 

 

  • Compare Islam and Christianity

Complete the religions matrix and develop 2-3 similarities and differences and why these differences exist.

  • Gender systems and changes, such as the impact of Islam

 

 

600 CE situation

1450 CE situation

Reasons for change or continuity.  What happened?

Arabia

Births islam

 

Islam 

 

Muhammad the Prophet. 

 

Fertile Crescent

 

Primarily islamic 

 

 

Merchant outreach. Commercial success- join this religion and you will reap the benefits of trading with other countries that are of that religion too. 

 

Western Europe

 

Christian 

 

Christian- Eastern and Western 

People stopped believing in polytheistic views and decided to choose a monotheistic view that was more abstract.  Would have reminence of the old religion in some traditions. Missionary activity was primary though. 

 

South Asia

 

Local Gods & Idols

 

Many places adopt islam

Caliphate and Islam spread to nw south asia (Upper inda and pakistan)

 

East Asia

 

Confucianism & Daoism

Athiesm  Buddhism and Confucianism

 

Government influence and rigidness, as well as foriegn merchants and travelers coming and spreading their ideas and philosophy

Sub-Saharan Africa

slowly adopts islamic views 

 

 

 

Latched on to dominant influence (Arab trade). Spiritual appeal. Missionary activity.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  • Aztec Empire and Inca Empire

 

 

Direct Comparisons – 1 or 2 similarities – 2 or 3 differences

Political

The Aztecs and the Incas both had professional armies. However, the Aztecs did not have a bureaucracy and the Incas did. Also, the Aztecs heavily taxed their captives and the Incas made their captives give part of their harvests to the ruling family.  

 

Economic

Both empires had an economy that was mainly based on agriculture. The Incas had to base their labor source aroung humans because hey did not have any large animals. The Aztecs also gained profit through the taxes they placed over those who they conquered.

 

Religious

Both empires practiced human sacrifice. The Incas were polytheistic. However, they believed that the sun god was the most important one. The Aztecs tied their religous bliefs with their military practices, and religion played a very big role for the purpose of capturing and conquering people.

 

Cultural and social

Both empires had social structures. Women from both empires were skilled at weaing. In the Aztec empire, however, warriors were the elite and merchants had a good status. The Incas allowed women to pass property onto their daughters and women were allowed to play certain roles in religion, and in the Aztec empire, women were seen as subordiante.

 

Intellectual

Both empires had good military strategies, especially the Aztec empire. The Incas created a writing system known as quipu, which was a language that used ropes and strings. The Aztecs, however, had a common language that they created.

 

Interactions

Both empires conquered nearby lands, especially the Aztec empire. The Aztecs allowed their conquered people to govern themselves as long as they paid tribute that was asked of them because there was no other official form of government. The Incas had a smaller population in comparison to the Aztecs and they did sacrifice human, but they chose sacrificing goods or animals instead of humans. 

 

 

  • Compare European and sub-Saharan African contacts with the Islamic world
  • Direct Comparisons – 1 or 2 similarities – 2 or 3 differences

Examples of What You Need to Know

Below are examples of the types of information you are expected to know contrasted with examples of those things you are not expected to know for the multiple-choice section.

  • Arab caliphate, but not the transition from Umayyad to 'Abbasid
  • Mamluks, but not Almohads
  • Manorialism, but not the three-field system
  • Crusading movement and its impact, but not specific crusades
  • Viking exploration, expansion, and impact, but not individual explorers
  • Mongol expansion and its impact, but not details of specific khanates
  • Papacy, but not particular popes
  • Indian Ocean trading patterns, but not Gujarati merchants

Arab Caliphate

 

represented the political leadership of the Islamic Civilization.    The head of state's position is based on the notion of a successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad's political authority.

 

 

Mamluks

Muslim slave warriors, that established a dynasty in Egypt. They defeated the Mongols at Ain Julat in 1260 and halted thir advance.

 

Feudalism

Feudalism is a system in which subjects and lords are bound to each other. Most of the land was usually owned by the king, and the king passed it o to nobles and lords in return for their loyalty to the king. The nobles/lords would allow peasants to work on the land and farm their as lon as the nobles/lords received a portion of their harvests. The peasants usually received protection from their nobles/lords, as well.

Japan had a feudal society around the same time as Europe adapted to a feudal society. In Europe, there was a feudal contract, which was a set of obligations set by the law and in Japan, the arrangement was ased on loyalty and groups.

 

Manorialism

This is the political, economic, and social system that many serfs were dependent on their land. This was a system that involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations or duties that exchanged labor/rents to use the land.

 

Crusades

This was a series of military expeditions/conquests launched by the Christians of the West to free the Holy Land from the Muslims. The crusades were a cause for the decline of feudalism because serfs could go to fight in the crusades and obtain their own land. The crusades also allowed more flow of information and ideas like Greek learning lost in invasions and advances the Muslims had made in math and sciences.

 

Vikings

Seafaring Scandinavian raiders from areas such as, Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, that disrupted and looted areas of Coastal Western Europe from the 8th to 11th centuries. The impact of this was the fact that it reflected and prolonged the West's Weakness, making it difficult for the establishment of long durable government and/or economic reforms.

 

Mongols

Were Central-Asian nomadic people's that, united under a commander, started their raids in 1220; then they moved on to smash the Turko-Persian Kingdom that had developed in the regions close to Baghdad. They then continued their conquests throughout the rich centers of the Islamic Civilizations in 1250. After this they destroyed the city of Baghdad, and moved on to defeat the mamluks - turkish slaves.

 

Papacy

is the system of Church government headed by the Pope, Roman Catholic Church

 

Indian Ocean Trade

In the classical period, trade was dominated by Indian merchants. It was the where the Mediterranean, Middle east, North African and European cultures could meet. The Indian ocean trade created Indian influence in Southeast Asian countries like Thailand, parts of Indonesia, Vietnam, and Burma.

 

 

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